Elm :: Ash :: Fatness

By Admin February 21, 2018 Uncategorized

Elm Tree

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus Ulmus in the plant family Ulmaceae.

The genus first appeared in the Miocene geological period about 20 million years ago, originating in what is now central Asia.

These trees flourished and spread over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward across the Equator into Indonesia.

Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests.

Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe, North America, and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, notably Australasia.

Some individual elms reached great size and age.

However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease, caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles.

In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping.

Taxonomy

There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm);

the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm (Ulmus minor) group.

Oliver Rackham^[2] describes Ulmus as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that ‘species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation’.

Eight species are endemic to North America, and a smaller number to Europe;^[3] the greatest diversity is found in Asia.^[4]

The classification adopted in the List of elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids is largely based on that established by Brummitt.^[5]

A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list List of elm Synonyms and Accepted Names.

Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called pteleologists, from the Greek πτελέα (:elm).^[6]

As part of the sub-order urticalean rosids they are distant cousins of cannabis, hops, and nettles.

Etymology

The name Ulmus is the Latin name for these trees, while the English “elm” and many other European names are either cognate with or derived from it.^[7]

Description

The genus is hermaphroditic, having apetalous perfect flowers which are wind-pollinated.

Elm leaves are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, doubly serrate margins, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex.

The fruit is a round wind-dispersed samara flushed with chlorophyll, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge.^[8]

All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage.

The elm tree can grow to great height, often with a split trunk creating a vase-shape profile.

Wood

Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon wheel hubs, chair seats and coffins.

The bodies of Japanese Taiko drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood’s resistance to splitting is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree.

The elm’s wood bends well and distorts easily making it quite pliant.

The often long, straight, trunks were favoured as a source of timber for keels in ship construction.

Elm is also prized by bowyers; of the ancient bows found in Europe, a large portion are elm.

During the Middle Ages elm was also used to make longbows if yew was unavailable.

The first written references to elm occur in the Linear B lists of military equipment at Knossos in the Mycenaean Period.

Several of the chariots are of elm (” πτε-ρε-ϝα “, pte-re-wa), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood.^[35]

Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm.^[36]

The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg per cubic metre.^[37]

Elm wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe.

Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original London Bridge.

However this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact.^[37]

Viticulture

The Romans, and more recently the Italians, used to plant elms in vineyards as supports for vines.

Lopped at three metres, the elms’ quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade and root-suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose.

The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood.^[38]

Ovid in his Amores characterizes the elm as “loving the vine”:

ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum (:the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm),^[39]

and the ancients spoke of the “marriage” between elm and vine.^[40]

Medicinal products

The mucilaginous inner bark of the Slippery Elm Ulmus rubra has long been used as a demulcent, and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the United States with approval for sale as a nutritional supplement by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.^[41]

Fodder

Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock.

The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation.^[42]

Biomass

As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy.

In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per annum.^[43]

Food

Elm bark, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the great famine of 1812.

The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass.^[44]

Alternative medicine

Elm has been listed as one of the 38 substances that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,^[45] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health.

However, according to Cancer Research UK, “there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer”.^[46]

Bonsai

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia is a popular choice for bonsai owing to its tolerance of severe pruning.

Genetic resource conservation

In 1997, a European Union elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease.

Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing.^[47]^[48]^[49]

Notable elm trees

Many elm (Ulmus) trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy.

The elm in art

Many artists have admired elms for the ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Frederick Childe Hassam, Karel Klinkenberg,^[50] and George Inness.

The elm in mythology and literature

In Greek mythology the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the 8 Hamadryads,

nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas.^[51]

In his Hymn to Artemis the poet Callimachus (3rd century BC) tells how,

at the age of 3, the infant goddess Artemis

practised her newly acquired silver bow and arrows,

made for her by Hephaestus and the Cyclopes,

by shooting first at an elm,

then at an oak,

before turning her aim on a wild animal:

The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the Iliad.

When Eetion, father of Andromache, is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War,

the Mountain Nymphs plant elms on his tomb

Also in the Iliad, when the River Scamander,

indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water,

overflows and threatens to drown Achilles,

the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself

(“ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην”.^[54]

The Nymphs also planted elms on the tomb

in the Thracian Chersonese of “great-hearted Protesilaus”

the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War.

These elms grew to be the tallest in the known world;

but when their topmost branches saw far off the ruins of Troy,

they immediately withered,

so great still was the bitterness of the hero buried below,

who had been loved by Laodamia and slain by Hector.

The story is the subject of a poem by Antiphilus of Byzantium (1st century AD) in the Palatine Anthology:

[:Thessalian Protesilaos, a long age shall sing your praises,

Of the destined dead at Troy the first;

Your tomb with thick-foliaged elms they covered,

The nymphs, across the water from hated Ilion.

Trees full of anger; and whenever that wall they see,

Of Troy, the leaves in their upper crown wither and fall.

So great in the heroes was the bitterness then, some of which still

Remembers, hostile, in the soulless upper branches.]

Protesilaus had been king of Pteleos (Πτελεός) in Thessaly, which took its name from the abundant elms (πτελέoι) in the region.^[59]

Elms occur often in Pastoral Poetry, where they symbolise the idyllic life, their shade being mentioned as a place of special coolness and peace.

In the first Idyll of Theocritus (3rd century BC), for example,
The Sibyl and Aeneas

the goat-herd invites the shepherd to sit “here beneath the elm” (“δεῦρ’ ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν”) and sing.

Beside elms Theocritus places “the sacred water” of the Springs of the Nymphs and the shrines to the nymphs.^[60]

Aside from references literal and metaphorical to the elm and vine theme, the tree occurs in Latin literature in the Elm of Dreams in the Aeneid.^[61]

When the Sibyl of Cumae leads Aeneas down to the Underworld, one of the sights is the Stygian Elm:

[:Spreads in the midst her boughs and agéd arms

an elm, huge, shadowy, where vain dreams, ’tis said,

are wont to roost them, under every leaf close-clinging.]

Virgil refers to a Roman superstition (vulgo) that elms were trees of ill-omen because their fruit seemed to be of no value.

It has been noted^[63] that two elm-motifs have arisen from classical literature:

(1) the ‘Paradisal Elm’ motif, arising from pastoral idylls and the elm-and-vine theme, and

(2) the ‘Elm and Death’ motif, perhaps arising from Homer’s commemorative elms and Virgil’s Stygian Elm.

Many references to elm in European literature from the Renaissance onwards fit into one or other of these categories.

There are two examples of pteleogenesis (:birth from elms) in world myths.

In Germanic and Scandinavian mythology the first woman, Embla, was fashioned from an elm,^[64]

while in Japanese mythology Kamuy Fuchi, the chief goddess of the Ainu people,

“was born from an elm impregnated by the Possessor of the Heavens”.^[65]

The elm occurs frequently in English literature, one of the best known instances being in

Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream,

where Titania, Queen of the Fairies,

addresses her beloved Nick Bottom using an elm-simile.

Here, as often in the elm-and-vine motif, the elm is a masculine symbol:

Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.

… the female Ivy so

Enrings the barky fingers of the Elm.

O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee!^[66]

Another of the most famous kisses in English literature, that of Paul and Helen at the start of Forster’s Howards End, is stolen beneath a great wych elm.

The Elm Tree is also referenced in children’s literature.

An Elm Tree and Three Sisters is a children’s book about three young sisters that plant a small elm tree in their backyard.

Throughout the years, the sisters begin to realize that the elm tree becomes an integral part of their lives.

The sisters see that the elm tree has been with them through many important milestones through life and they grow old with the tree.^[67]

A four-line inscription at the base of one of the niches relates to Pan and Echo, the mountain nymph, and was dated to 87 BCE.

Pan, the god of the wild and companion of the nymphs.

The elm in politics

The Cutting of the elm was a diplomatic altercation between the Kings of France and England in 1188, during which an elm tree near Gisors in Normandy was felled.^{[citation needed]}

In politics the elm is associated with revolutions.

In England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the final victory of parliamentarians over monarchists, and the arrival from Holland, with William III and Mary II, of the ‘Dutch Elm’ hybrid, planting of this cultivar became a fashion among enthusiasts of the new political order.^[68]^[69]

In the American Revolution ‘The Liberty Tree’ was an American white elm in Boston, Massachusetts, in front of which, from 1765, the first resistance meetings were held against British attempts to tax the American colonists without democratic representation.

When the British, knowing that the tree was a symbol of rebellion, felled it in 1775, the Americans took to widespread ‘Liberty Elm’ planting, and sewed elm symbols on to their revolutionary flags.^[70]^[71]

Elm-planting by American Presidents later became something of a tradition.

In the French Revolution, too, Les arbres de la liberté (:Liberty Trees), often elms, were planted as symbols of revolutionary hopes, the first in Vienne, Isère, in 1790, by a priest inspired by the Boston elm.^[70]

L’Orme de La Madeleine(:the Elm of La Madeleine), Faycelles, Département de Lot, planted around 1790 and surviving to this day, was a case in point.^[72]

By contrast, a famous Parisian elm associated with the Ancien Régime, L’Orme de Saint-Gervais in the Place St-Gervais, was felled by the revolutionaries;

church authorities planted a new elm in its place in 1846, and an early 20th-century elm stands on the site today.^[73]

Premier Lionel Jospin, obliged by tradition to plant a tree in the garden of the Hôtel Matignon, the official residence and workplace of Prime Ministers of France, insisted on planting an elm, so-called ‘tree of the Left’, choosing the new disease-resistant hybrid ‘Clone 762’ (Ulmus ‘Wanoux’ = Vada).^[74]

In the French Republican Calendar, in use from 1792 to 1806,

the 12th day of the month Ventôse (= 2 March) was officially named “jour de l’Orme”, Day of the Elm.

Liberty Elms were also planted in other countries in Europe to celebrate their revolutions, an example being L’Olmo di Montepaone, L’Albero della Libertà (:the Elm of Montepaone, Liberty Tree) in Montepaone, Calabria, planted in 1799 to commemorate the founding of the democratic Parthenopean Republic, and surviving till it was brought down by a recent storm (it has since been cloned and ‘replanted’).^[75]

After the Greek Revolution of 1821-32, a thousand young elms were brought to Athens from Missolonghi, “Sacred City of the Struggle” against the Turks and scene of Lord Byron’s death, and planted in 1839-40 in the National Garden.^[76]^[77]

In an ironic development, feral elms have spread and invaded the grounds of the abandoned Greek royal summer palace at Tatoi in Attica.

The elm in local history and place names

The name of what is now the London neighborhood of Seven Sisters is derived from seven elms which stood there at the time when it was a rural area, planted a circle with a walnut tree at their centre, and traceable on maps back to 1619.^[78]^[79]

Yale – lined with Elm Trees

Nightmare on Elm Street

H424; אֵלָה ʼêlâh, ay-law’; 13 in 12 Terebinth, oak

feminine of H352;

terebinth tree

elm tree?

teil tree?

The Easton’s Bible Dictionary (1897) says that Teil tree is an old name for the linden tree,

the tilia (also known as “lime tree” in the UK).

Isaiah 6 : Isaiah’s Commission

8Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Then said I, Here am I; send me. 9And he said, Go, and tell this people, Hear you indeed, but understand not; and see you indeed, but perceive not. 10Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be healed. 11Then said I, Lord, how long? And he answered, Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate, 12And the LORD have removed men far away, and there be a great forsaking in the middle of the land.

13 But yet in it shall be a tenth, and it shall return, and shall be eaten:

as a teil tree, ^[H424] and as an oak ^[H437],

whose substance is in them,

when they cast their leaves:

so the holy seed shall be the substance thereof.

Hosea 4 : God’s Charges against Israel

13 They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills,

under oaks and poplars^[h3839] and elms, ^[H424]

because the shadow thereof is good:

therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom,

and your spouses shall commit adultery.

^[h3839] לִבְנֶה libneh, lib-neh’; 2 in 2 some sort of whitish tree, perhaps the storax:—poplar.

from H3835;

Genesis 30:

(37) And Jacob took him rods of green poplar,^[H3839] and of the hazel and chesnut tree;

and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white appear which [was] in the rods.

Ask and Embla, the first human beings in Norse mythology, created from trees and whose names may mean “ash” and “elm”

ASH

an olive-like tree

Fraxinus/ˈfræksɪnəs/,^[4] English name ash,

is a genus of flowering plantsin the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae.

It contains 45–65 species of usually medium to large trees,

mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen.

The genus is widespread across much of Europe, Asia and North America.

The tree’s common English name, “ash”,

traces back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name originated in Latin.

Both words also mean “spear” in their respective languages.^[9]

The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately compound, simple in a few species.

The seeds, popularly known as “keys” or “helicopter seeds“,

are a type of fruit known as a samara.

Most Fraxinus species are dioecious, having male and female flowers on separate plants^[10] but gender in ash is expressed as a continuum between male and female individuals, dominated by unisexual trees.

With age ash may change their sexual function from predominantly male and hermaphrodite towards femaleness;^[11]

if grown as an ornamental and both sexes are present,

ashes can cause a considerable litter problem with their seeds.

Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes but belong to the unrelated genus Sorbus in the rose family.

Uses

Ash is a hardwood and is hard,

dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m³ for Fraxinus americana,^[24]

and higher at 710 kg/m³ for Fraxinus excelsior^[25]),

tough and very strong but elastic, extensively used for

making bows,

tool handles,

baseball bats,

hurleys

and other uses demanding high strength and resilience.

Its robust structure, good looks and flexibility combine to make ash an ideal timber for use in staircases.

Ash stairs are extremely hard-wearing,

which is particularly important when it comes to the treads

(the part of the stairway that is stepped on).

Due to its elasticity,

ash can also be worked on to produce curved stair parts

such as volutes (curled sections of handrail)

and intricately shaped balusters.

However, a reduction in the supply of healthy trees, especially in Europe, is making ash an increasingly expensive option.

It is also often used as material for

electric guitar bodies

and, less commonly,

for acoustic guitar bodies,

known for its bright,

cutting tone and sustaining quality.

Some FenderStratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, as an alternative to the darker sounding alder.

They are also used for making drum shells.

Interior joinery is another common use of both European and white ash.

Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture.

Ash is not used much outdoors

due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact,

meaning it will typically perish within five years.

The Fraxinus japonica species is favored as a material for making baseball bats by Japanese sporting goods manufacturers.^[26]

Woodworkers generally like the timber for its great finishing qualities.

It also has good machining qualities, and is quite easy to use with nails, screws and glue.^[24]

Ash was commonly used for the structural members of the bodies of cars made by carriage builders.

Early cars had frames which were intended to flex as part of the suspension system in order to simplify construction.

The Morgan Motor Company of Great Britain still manufacture sports cars with frames made from ash.

It was also widely used by early aviation pioneers for aircraft construction.

It lights and burns easily,

so is used for starting fires and barbecues,

and is usable for maintaining a fire,

though it produces only a moderate heat.

The two most economically important species for wood production are white ash, in eastern North America, and European ash in Europe.

The green ash (F. pennsylvanica) is widely planted as a street tree in the United States.

The inner bark of the blue ash (F. quadrangulata) has been used as a source for blue dye.

The leaves of ash are appreciated by cows, goats and rabbits.

Cut off in the autumn the branches can be a valuable winter supply for domestic animals.

Opposite Branching – MAD Horse

Very few trees in our landscapes and forests have opposite branching.

The predominant types are

Maple,

Ash,

Dogwood

and Horsechestnut.

A simple phrase to remember when identifying trees with opposite branching is to use the acronym

*MAD Horse* representing Maple, Ash, Dogwood & Horsechestnut.

When looking for opposite branching in trees,

please consider that buds or limbs may die;

hence not every single branch will have an opposite mate.

Mythology and folklore

An immense ash tree, central to the cosmos and considered sacred. Its branches and roots extend far into the nine worlds, and at its three roots are three wells: Urðarbrunnr, where the gods assemble daily in a thing and the three norns tend the tree, Hvergelmir, and Mímisbrunnr. Creatures live within Yggdrasil, including the dragon Níðhöggr, the squirrel Ratatoskr, an unnamed eagle, and the stags Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór.

Yggdrasil, the World Ash of Norse mythology

In Greek mythology,

the Meliae were nymphs of the ash,

perhaps specifically of the manna ash (Fraxinus ornus),

as dryads were nymphs of the oak.

They appear in Hesiod’s Theogony.

The ash exudes a sugary substance that, it has been suggested,

was fermented to create the Norse Mead of Inspiration.^[27]

In Norse mythology, Yggdrasill was often seen as a giant ash tree.

Many scholars now agree that in the past an error had been made in the interpretation of the ancient writings,

and that the tree is most likely a European yew (Taxus baccata)^{[citation needed]}.

This mistake would find its origin in an alternative word for the yew tree in the Old Norse, namely needle ash (barraskr).

In addition, ancient sources, including the Eddas, write about a vetgrønster vida, which means “evergreen tree”.

An ash sheds its leaves in the winter, while yew trees retain their needles. The first man, Ask, was formed from the “ash tree”.

Yggdrasil,

the World Tree in Viking mythology,

grew on an island surrounded by the ocean,

in the depths of which the World Serpent lay.

This ash tree’s trunk reached up to the heavens, and its boughs spread out over all the countries of the Earth.

Its roots reached down into the Underworld.

A squirrel ran up and down the tree carrying messages from the serpent gnawing at the roots to the eagle in the canopy, and back.

A deer fed on the ash leaves and from its antlers flowed the great rivers of the world.

A magical goat grazed by the tree, and its udders dispensed not milk but mead for the warriors in Odin’s Great Hall.

The gods held their councils under the canopy of their guardian tree.

Odin,

the foremost god of the Vikings,

hung himself on Yggdrasil as a sacrificial ordeal,

during which he lost an eye to ravens.

The star at the Tip of the spear in Sagitarrius (“the Archer” / half man / half goat) is called “Nash”

Ultimately though, he was rewarded with insights and wisdom, notably knowledge of the system of the Runes.

Both he and Thor, the god of thunder, were said to possess magical spears made of ash wood.

Mortals’ spear shafts were also typically made of ash (as were bows, in the absence of yew, and arrow shafts).

The words for ash and spear seem to be related in that a poetic Anglo-Saxon word for spear was aesc and the Norse word for ash was ask (influencing Highland place names such as Port Askaig).

The Vikings were also referred to as the Aescling meaning ‘Men of Ash’.

Like the Vikings, the Gaels also thought of the ash tree (which they called uinsinn, pronounced ooshin) as protective.

Of the five legendary guardian trees of Ireland, three were ash.

Ash is also the second most popular tree growing beside Irish holy wells, and on the Isle of Man ash trees were said to protect the purity of springs.

In England the ash is the commonest tree as a place name element after the thorn.

The generally accepted meaning of Old Norse Yggdrasill is “Odin’s horse”, meaning “gallows“.

This interpretation comes about because drasill means “horse” and Ygg(r) is one of Odin’s many names.

The Poetic Edda poem Hávamál describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from a tree, making this tree Odin’s gallows.

This tree may have been Yggdrasil.

Gallows can be called “the horse of the hanged”

and therefore Odin’s gallows may have developed into the expression “Odin’s horse”,

which then became the name of the tree.^[1]

Nevertheless, scholarly opinions regarding the precise meaning of the name Yggdrasill vary,

particularly on the issue of whether Yggdrasill

is the name of the tree itself

or if only the full term askr Yggdrasil (where Old Norse askr means “ash tree”) refers specifically to the tree.

According to this interpretation,

askr Yggdrasils would mean the world tree upon which “the horse [Odin’s horse] of the highest god [Odin] is bound”.

Both of these etymologies rely on a presumed but unattested *Yggsdrasill.^[1]

A third interpretation,

presented by F. Detter, is that the name Yggdrasill refers to the word yggr (“terror”),

yet not in reference to the Odinic name,

and so Yggdrasill would then mean “tree of terror, gallows”.

F. R. Schröder has proposed a fourth etymology according to which yggdrasill means “yew pillar”,

deriving yggia from *igwja (meaning “yew-tree“),

and drasill from *dher- (meaning “support”).^[1]

Elsewhere in Europe, snakes were said to be repelled by ash leaves or a circle drawn by an ash branch.

Irish folklore claims that shadows from an ash tree would damage crops.

In Cheshire, it was said that ash could be used to cure warts and rickets.

In Sussex, the ash tree and the elm tree were known as “widowmakers” because large boughs would often drop without warning.

Ash trees (Fraxinus species) are easily identified if several simple factors are understood.

Ash is unique from other trees because of the following distinctive characteristics:

opposite branching and compound leaf according to the following descriptions of pictures.

Remember, mountain ash (Sorbus) is not a true ash (Fraxinus), and is not affected by the Emerald Ash Borer.

^[H766] אֹרֶן ʼôren, o’-ren; 1 in 1 ash, fir tree, cedar

from the same as H765 (in the sense of strength);

the ash tree (from its toughness):—ash.

name of a tree in which idols were carved

a very lofty tree, when shaken above by the wind gives forth a temultous sound

from אֲרָן ʼĂrân, ar-awn’; from H7442;

stridulous;

Aran, an Edomite:—Aran.

Wild Goat

Isaiah 44:

(14) He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak,

which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the forest:

he planteth an ash,^[H766] and the rain doth nourish [it].

^[G4700] σποδός spodós, spod-os’; 3x ashes:—ashes.

ashes: placed on sackcloth as a token of grief

Matthew 11:

(21) Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.^[G4700]

Luke 10:

(13) Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes.^[G4700]

Hebrews 9:

(13) For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes.^[G4700] of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh:

^[H665] אֵפֶר ʼêpher, ay’-fer; 22x ashes:—ashes.

from an unused root meaning to bestrew;

Genesis 18:

(27) And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord, which [am but] dust and ashes:^[H665]

Numbers 19:

(9) And a man [that is] clean shall gather up the ashes:^[H665] of the heifer, and lay [them] up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of separation: it [is] a purification for sin. (10) And he that gathereth the ashes:^[H665] of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever.

2 Samuel 13 : Amnon and Tamar (“palm-tree”)

1And it came to pass after this, that Absalom the son of David had a fair sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved her. 2And Amnon was so vexed, that he fell sick for his sister Tamar; for she was a virgin; and Amnon thought it hard for him to do anything to her. 3But Amnon had a friend, whose name was Jonadab, the son of Shimeah (“fame”) David’s brother: and Jonadab was a very subtle man. 4And he said to him, Why are you, being the king’s son, lean from day to day? will you not tell me? And Amnon said to him, I love Tamar, my brother Absalom’s sister. 5And Jonadab said to him, Lay you down on your bed, and make yourself sick: and when your father comes to see you, say to him, I pray you, let my sister Tamar come, and give me meat, and dress the meat in my sight, that I may see it, and eat it at her hand. 6So Amnon lay down, and made himself sick: and when the king was come to see him, Amnon said to the king, I pray you, let Tamar my sister come, and make me a couple of cakes in my sight, that I may eat at her hand.

7Then David sent home to Tamar, saying, Go now to your brother Amnon’s house, and dress him meat. 8So Tamar went to her brother Amnon’s house; and he was laid down. And she took flour, and kneaded it, and made cakes in his sight, and did bake the cakes. 9And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but he refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they went out every man from him. 10And Amnon said to Tamar, Bring the meat into the chamber, that I may eat of your hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother. 11And when she had brought them to him to eat, he took hold of her, and said to her, Come lie with me, my sister. 12And she answered him, No, my brother, do not force me; for no such thing ought to be done in Israel: do not you this folly. 13And I, where shall I cause my shame to go? and as for you, you shall be as one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, I pray you, speak to the king; for he will not withhold me from you. 14However, he would not listen to her voice: but, being stronger than she, forced her, and lay with her.

15Then Amnon hated her exceedingly; so that the hatred with which he hated her was greater than the love with which he had loved her. And Amnon said to her, Arise, be gone. 16And she said to him, There is no cause: this evil in sending me away is greater than the other that you did to me. But he would not listen to her. 17Then he called his servant that ministered to him, and said, Put now this woman out from me, and bolt the door after her. 18And she had a garment of divers colors on her: for with such robes were the king’s daughters that were virgins appareled. Then his servant brought her out, and bolted the door after her. 19And Tamar put ashes:^[H665] on her head, and rent her garment of divers colors that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying. 20And Absalom her brother said to her, Has Amnon your brother been with you? but hold now your peace, my sister: he is your brother; regard not this thing. So Tamar remained desolate in her brother Absalom’s house. 21But when king David heard of all these things, he was very wroth. 22And Absalom spoke to his brother Amnon neither good nor bad: for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar.

Absalom’s Revenge on Amnon

23And it came to pass after two full years, that Absalom had sheep shearers in Baalhazor, which is beside Ephraim: and Absalom invited all the king’s sons. 24And Absalom came to the king, and said, Behold now, your servant has sheep shearers; let the king, I beseech you, and his servants go with your servant. 25And the king said to Absalom, No, my son, let us not all now go, lest we be chargeable to you. And he pressed him: however, he would not go, but blessed him. 26Then said Absalom, If not, I pray you, let my brother Amnon go with us. And the king said to him, Why should he go with you? 27But Absalom pressed him, that he let Amnon and all the king’s sons go with him.

28Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, Mark you now when Amnon’s heart is merry with wine, and when I say to you, Smite Amnon; then kill him, fear not: have not I commanded you? be courageous, and be valiant. 29And the servants of Absalom did to Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king’s sons arose, and every man got him up on his mule, and fled.

30And it came to pass, while they were in the way, that tidings came to David, saying, Absalom has slain all the king’s sons, and there is not one of them left. 31Then the king arose, and tare his garments, and lay on the earth; and all his servants stood by with their clothes rent. 32And Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David’s brother, answered and said, Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men the king’s sons; for Amnon only is dead: for by the appointment of Absalom this has been determined from the day that he forced his sister Tamar. 33Now therefore let not my lord the king take the thing to his heart, to think that all the king’s sons are dead: for Amnon only is dead.

Absalom Flees to Geshur

34But Absalom fled. And the young man that kept the watch lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came much people by the way of the hill side behind him. 35And Jonadab said to the king, Behold, the king’s sons come: as your servant said, so it is. 36And it came to pass, as soon as he had made an end of speaking, that, behold, the king’s sons came, and lifted up their voice and wept: and the king also and all his servants wept very sore.

37But Absalom fled, and went to Talmai, the son of Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day. 38So Absalom fled, and went to Geshur, and was there three years. 39And the soul of king David longed to go forth to Absalom: for he was comforted concerning Amnon, seeing he was dead.

Esther 4:

(1) When Mordecai perceived all that was done, Mordecai rent his clothes, and put on sackcloth with ashes:^[H665] and went out into the midst of the city, and cried with a loud and a bitter cry; … (3) And in every province, whithersoever the king’s commandment and his decree came, [there was] great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes:^[H665]

Job 2:

(8) And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat down among the ashes:^[H665]

Job 13:

(12) Your remembrances [are] like unto ashes:^[H665] your bodies to bodies of clay.

Job 30:

(19) He hath cast me into the mire, and I am become like dust and ashes:^[H665]

(6) Wherefore I abhor [myself], and repent in dust and ashes:^[H665]

Psalm 102:

(9) For I have eaten ashes:^[H665] like bread, and mingled my drink with weeping,

Psalm 147:

(16) He giveth snow like wool: he scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes:^[H665]

Isaiah 44:

(20) He feedeth on ashes:^[H665] a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, [Is there] not a lie in my right hand?

Isaiah 58:

(5) Is it such a fast that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict his soul? [is it] to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes:^[H665] [under him]? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the LORD?

Isaiah 61:

(3) To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes:^[H665]the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they might be called trees of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, that he might be glorified.

Jeremiah 6:

(26) O daughter of my people, gird [thee] with sackcloth, and wallow thyself in ashes:^[H665] make thee mourning, [as for] an only son, most bitter lamentation: for the spoiler shall suddenly come upon us.

Lamentations 3:

(16) He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered me with ashes:^[H665]

Ezekiel 27:

(30) And shall cause their voice to be heard against thee, and shall cry bitterly, and shall cast up dust upon their heads, they shall wallow themselves in the ashes:^[H665]

Ezekiel 28:

(18) Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes:^[H665] upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.

Daniel 9:

(3) And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by prayer and supplications, with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes:^[H665]

Jonah 3:

(6) For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered [him] with sackcloth, and sat in ashes:^[H665]

Malachi 4:

(3) And ye shall tread down the wicked; for they shall be ashes:^[H665]under the soles of your feet in the day that I shall do [this], saith the LORD of hosts.

^[H6368] פִּיחַ pîyach, pee’-akh; 2 in 2 ashes, soot, dust, a powder (as easily puffed away),

i.e. ashes or dust:—ashes.

from H6315;

Exodus 9: 6th Plague Boils

8And the LORD said to Moses and to Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes^[H6368] of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh. 9And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains on man, and on beast, throughout all the land of Egypt. 10And they took ashes^[H6368] of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains on man, and on beast. 11And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was on the magicians, and on all the Egyptians. 12And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he listened not to them; as the LORD had spoken to Moses.

Ephraim = “Double Ash-Heap”

^[h1880] דֶּשֶׁן deshen, deh’-shen; 15x the fat; abstractly fatness, i.e. (figuratively) abundance;

from H1878;

specifically the (fatty) ashes of sacrifices:

—ashes, fatness.

fatness

of fertility

of blessing (fig.)

fat ashes (ashes of victims, mixed with the fat)

The fat was removed from the sacrifice at the altar, because it belonged to the Lord

Leviticus 1: Law of burnt Offerings (of a Fowl)

14And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons. 15And the priest shall bring it to the altar, and wring off his head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung out at the side of the altar: 16And he shall pluck away his crop with his feathers, and cast it beside the altar on the east part, by the place of the ashes:^[H1880] 17And he shall split it with the wings thereof, but shall not divide it asunder: and the priest shall burn it on the altar, on the wood that is on the fire: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet smell to the LORD.

Leviticus 4: Law of Sin offering

(12) Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes:^[H1880] are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire: where the ashes:^[H1880] are poured out shall he be burnt.

Leviticus 6: Law of burnt Offerings

(10) And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen breeches shall he put upon his flesh, and take up the ashes:^[H1880] which the fire hath consumed with the burnt offering on the altar, and he shall put them beside the altar. (11) And he shall put off his garments, and put on other garments, and carry forth the ashes:^[H1880] without the camp unto a clean place.

Judges 9:

(9) But the olive tree said unto them, Should I leave my fatness :^[H1880] wherewith by me they honour God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees?

1 Kings 13:

(3) And he gave a sign the same day, saying, This [is] the sign which the LORD hath spoken;

Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the ashes:^[H1880] that [are] upon it shall be poured out. …

(5) The altar also was rent, and the ashes:^[H1880] poured out from the altar, according to the sign which the man of God had given by the word of the LORD.

Job 36:

(16) Even so would he have removed thee out of the strait [into] a broad place, where [there is] no straitness; and that which should be set on thy table [should be] full of fatness :^[H1880]

Psalm 36:

(8) They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness :^[H1880] of thy house; and thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures.

Psalm 63:

(5) My soul shall be satisfied as [with] marrow and fatness :^[H1880] and my mouth shall praise [thee] with joyful lips:

Psalm 65:

(11) Thou crownest the year with thy goodness; and thy paths drop fatness :^[H1880]

Isaiah 55:

(2) Wherefore do ye spend money for [that which is] not bread?

and your labour for [that which] satisfieth not?

hearken diligently unto me, and eat ye [that which is] good, and let your soul delight itself in fatness :^[H1880]

Jeremiah 31: A New Covenant

(14) And I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness :^[H1880] and my people shall be satisfied with my goodness, saith the LORD. …

(40) And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes:^[H1880] and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse gate toward the east, [shall be] holy unto the LORD; it shall not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever.

^[H1878] דָּשֵׁן dâshên, daw-shane’; 11x to be fat, grow fat, become fat, become prosperous, anoint

a primitive root;

also denominatively (from H1880) to be fat;

transitively, to fatten (or regard as fat);

specifically to anoint;

figuratively, to satisfy;

to remove (fat) ashes (of sacrifices):

—accept, anoint, take away the (receive) ashes (from), make (wax) fat.

(Qal) of prosperity (fig.)

(Piel)

to make fat, anoint

to find fat (of offering – acceptable)

to take away ashes (from altar)

(Pual) to be made fat

(Hothpael) to fatten oneself (of Jehovah’s sword)

Exodus 27: The Bronze Altar

(3) And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes,^[H1878] and his shovels, and his basons, and his fleshhooks, and his firepans: all the vessels thereof thou shalt make [of] brass.

Numbers 4: Duties of the Kohathites

(13) And they shall take away the ashes,^[H1878] from the altar, and spread a purple cloth thereon:

Deuteronomy 31:

(20) For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat,^[H1878] then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.

Psalm 20:

(3) Remember all thy offerings, and accept,^[H1878] thy burnt sacrifice; Selah.

Psalm 23

(5) Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest,^[H1878] my head with oil; my cup runneth over.

Proverbs 11:

(25) The liberal soul shall be made fat,^[H1878] and he that watereth shall be watered also himself.

Proverbs 13:

(4) The soul of the sluggard desireth, and [hath] nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat,^[H1878]

Proverbs 15:

(30) The light of the eyes rejoiceth the heart: [and] a good report maketh^[H1878] the bones fat,^[H1878]

Proverbs 28:

(25) He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that putteth his trust in the LORD shall be made fat,^[H1878]

Isaiah 34

(6) The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat,^[H1878]with fatness, [and] with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams: for the LORD hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Idumea. (7) And the unicorns shall come down with them, and the bullocks with the bulls; and their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust made fat,^[H1878]with fatness.

[H2459] חֶלֶב cheleb, kheh’-leb; 92 in 69v 33x in Lev fat

from an unused root meaning to be fat;

fat, whether literally or figuratively;

hence, the richest or choice part:—× best, fat(-ness), × finest, grease, marrow.

Genesis 4:4 KJV – (4) And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat[H2459] thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering:
Genesis 45:18 KJV – (18) And take your father and your households, and come unto me: and I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the fat[H2459] of the land.
Exodus 23:18 KJV – (18) Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the fat[H2459] of my sacrifice remain until the morning.
Exodus 29:13, 22 KJV – (13) And thou shalt take all the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and the caul [that is] above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] upon them, and burn [them] upon the altar. … (22) Also thou shalt take of the ram the fat[H2459] and the rump, and the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and the caul [above] the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] upon them, and the right shoulder; for it [is] a ram of consecration:
Leviticus 3:3-4, 9-10, 14-17 KJV – (3) And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and all the fat[H2459] that [is] upon the inwards, (4) And the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] on them, which [is] by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. … (9) And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat[H2459] thereof, [and] the whole rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone; and the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and all the fat[H2459] that [is] upon the inwards, (10) And the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] upon them, which [is] by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. … (14) And he shall offer thereof his offering, [even] an offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and all the fat[H2459] that [is] upon the inwards, (15) And the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] upon them, which [is] by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away. (16) And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: [it is] the food of the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat[H2459] [is] the LORD’S. (17) [It shall be] a perpetual statute for your generations throughout all your dwellings, that ye eat neither fat[H2459] nor blood.
Leviticus 4:8-9, 19, 26, 31, 35 KJV – (8) And he shall take off from it all the fat[H2459] of the bullock for the sin offering; the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, and all the fat[H2459] that [is] upon the inwards, (9) And the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] upon them, which [is] by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away, … (19) And he shall take all his fat[H2459] from him, and burn [it] upon the altar. … (26) And he shall burn all his fat[H2459] upon the altar, as the fat[H2459] of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall make an atonement for him as concerning his sin, and it shall be forgiven him. … (31) And he shall take away all the fat[H2459] thereof, as the fat[H2459] is taken away from off the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn [it] upon the altar for a sweet savour unto the LORD; and the priest shall make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him. … (35) And he shall take away all the fat[H2459] thereof, as the fat[H2459] of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of the peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them upon the altar, according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: and the priest shall make an atonement for his sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him.
Leviticus 6:12 KJV – (12) And the fire upon the altar shall be burning in it; it shall not be put out: and the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and lay the burnt offering in order upon it; and he shall burn thereon the fat[H2459] of the peace offerings.
Leviticus 7:3-4, 23-25, 30-31, 33 KJV – (3) And he shall offer of it all the fat[H2459] thereof; the rump, and the fat[H2459] that covereth the inwards, (4) And the two kidneys, and the fat[H2459] that [is] on them, which [is] by the flanks, and the caul [that is] above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away: … (23) Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Ye shall eat no manner of fat,[H2459] of ox, or of sheep, or of goat. (24) And the fat[H2459] of the beast that dieth of itself, and the fat[H2459] of that which is torn with beasts, may be used in any other use: but ye shall in no wise eat of it. (25) For whosoever eateth the fat[H2459] of the beast, of which men offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, even the soul that eateth [it] shall be cut off from his people. … (30) His own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire, the fat[H2459] with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be waved [for] a wave offering before the LORD. (31) And the priest shall burn the fat[H2459] upon the altar: but the breast shall be Aaron’s and his sons’. … (33) He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat,[H2459] shall have the right shoulder for [his] part.
Leviticus 8:16, 25-26 KJV – (16) And he took all the fat[H2459] that [was] upon the inwards, and the caul [above] the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat,[H2459] and Moses burned [it] upon the altar. … (25) And he took the fat,[H2459] and the rump, and all the fat[H2459] that [was] upon the inwards, and the caul [above] the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat,[H2459] and the right shoulder: (26) And out of the basket of unleavened bread, that [was] before the LORD, he took one unleavened cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put [them] on the fat,[H2459] and upon the right shoulder:
Leviticus 9:10, 19-20, 24 KJV – (10) But the fat,[H2459] and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he burnt upon the altar; as the LORD commanded Moses. … (19) And the fat[H2459] of the bullock and of the ram, the rump, and that which covereth [the inwards], and the kidneys, and the caul [above] the liver: (20) And they put the fat[H2459] upon the breasts, and he burnt the fat[H2459] upon the altar: … (24) And there came a fire out from before the LORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat:[H2459] [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces.
Leviticus 10:15 KJV – (15) The heave shoulder and the wave breast shall they bring with the offerings made by fire of the fat,[H2459] to wave [it for] a wave offering before the LORD; and it shall be thine, and thy sons’ with thee, by a statute for ever; as the LORD hath commanded.
Leviticus 16:25 KJV – (25) And the fat[H2459] of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar.
Leviticus 17:6 KJV – (6) And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the LORD [at] the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and burn the fat[H2459] for a sweet savour unto the LORD.
Numbers 18:12, 17, 29-30, 32 KJV – (12) All the best[H2459] of the oil, and all the best[H2459] of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the LORD, them have I given thee. … (17) But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they [are] holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat[H2459] [for] an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD. … (29) Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the LORD, of all the best[H2459] thereof, [even] the hallowed part thereof out of it. (30) Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best[H2459] thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress. … (32) And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best[H2459] of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die.
Deuteronomy 32:14, 38 KJV – (14) Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat[H2459] of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat[H2459] of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape. … (38) Which did eat the fat[H2459] of their sacrifices, [and] drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, [and] be your protection.
Judges 3:22 KJV – (22) And the haft also went in after the blade; and the fat[H2459] closed upon the blade, so that he could not draw the dagger out of his belly; and the dirt came out.
1 Samuel 2:15-16 KJV – (15) Also before they burnt the fat,[H2459] the priest’s servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. (16) And [if] any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat[H2459] presently, and [then] take [as much] as thy soul desireth; then he would answer him, [Nay]; but thou shalt give [it me] now: and if not, I will take [it] by force.
1 Samuel 15:22 KJV – (22) And Samuel said, Hath the LORD [as great] delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey [is] better than sacrifice, [and] to hearken than the fat[H2459] of rams.
2 Samuel 1:22 KJV – (22) From the blood of the slain, from the fat[H2459] of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty.

1 Kings 8:64 KJV – (64) The same day did the king hallow the middle of the court that [was] before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat[H2459] of the peace offerings: because the brasen altar that [was] before the LORD [was] too little to receive the burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat[H2459] of the peace offerings.
2 Chronicles 7:7 KJV – (7) Moreover Solomon hallowed the middle of the court that [was] before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and the fat[H2459] of the peace offerings, because the brasen altar which Solomon had made was not able to receive the burnt offerings, and the meat offerings, and the fat.[H2459]
2 Chronicles 29:35 KJV – (35) And also the burnt offerings [were] in abundance, with the fat[H2459] of the peace offerings, and the drink offerings for [every] burnt offering. So the service of the house of the LORD was set in order.
2 Chronicles 35:14 KJV – (14) And afterward they made ready for themselves, and for the priests: because the priests the sons of Aaron [were busied] in offering of burnt offerings and the fat[H2459] until night; therefore the Levites prepared for themselves, and for the priests the sons of Aaron.
Job 15:27 KJV – (27) Because he covereth his face with his fatness,[H2459] and maketh collops of fat on [his] flanks.
Psalm 17:10 KJV – (10) They are inclosed in their own fat:[H2459] with their mouth they speak proudly.
Psalm 63:5 KJV – (5) My soul shall be satisfied as [with] marrow[H2459] and fatness; and my mouth shall praise [thee] with joyful lips:
Psalm 73:7 KJV – (7) Their eyes stand out with fatness:[H2459] they have more than heart could wish.
Psalm 81:16 KJV – (16) He should have fed them also with the finest[H2459] of the wheat: and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee.
Psalm 119:70 KJV – (70) Their heart is as fat as grease;[H2459] [but] I delight in thy law.
Psalm 147:14 KJV – (14) He maketh peace [in] thy borders, [and] filleth thee with the finest[H2459] of the wheat.
Isaiah 1:11 KJV – (11) To what purpose [is] the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? saith the LORD: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat[H2459] of fed beasts; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats.
Isaiah 34:6-7 KJV – (6) The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat with fatness,[H2459] [and] with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat[H2459] of the kidneys of rams: for the LORD hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Idumea. (7) And the unicorns shall come down with them, and the bullocks with the bulls; and their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust made fat with fatness.[H2459]
Isaiah 43:24 KJV – (24) Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money, neither hast thou filled me with the fat[H2459] of thy sacrifices: but thou hast made me to serve with thy sins, thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities.
Ezekiel 34:3 KJV – (3) Ye eat the fat,[H2459] and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed: [but] ye feed not the flock.
Ezekiel 39:19 KJV – (19) And ye shall eat fat[H2459] till ye be full, and drink blood till ye be drunken, of my sacrifice which I have sacrificed for you.
Ezekiel 44:7, 15 KJV – (7) In that ye have brought [into my sanctuary] strangers, uncircumcised in heart, and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to pollute it, [even] my house, when ye offer my bread, the fat[H2459] and the blood, and they have broken my covenant because of all your abominations. … (15) But the priests the Levites, the sons of Zadok, that kept the charge of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from me, they shall come near to me to minister unto me, and they shall stand before me to offer unto me the fat[H2459] and the blood, saith the Lord GOD: